[1] Polanczyk G V, Salum G A, Sugaya L S, et al. Annual research review:A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents[J]. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2015, 56(3):345-365.
[2] Vasileva M, Graf R K, Reinelt T, et al. Research review:A meta-analysis of the international prevalence and comorbidity of mental disorders in children between 1 and 7 years[J]. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2020, doi:10.1111/jcpp.13261.
[3] Angold A, Egger H L. Preschool psychopathology:Lessons for the lifespan[J]. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2007, 48(10):961-966.
[4] Jokiranta E, Brown A S, Heinimaa M, et al. Parental psychiatric disorders and autism spectrum disorders[J]. Psychiatry Research, 2013, 207(3):203-211.
[5] Pettersson E, Anckarsater H, Gillberg C, et al. Different neurodevelopmental symptoms have a common genetic etiology[J]. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2013, 54(12):1356-1365.
[6] Biederman J, Faraone S V. Current concepts on the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder[J]. Journal of Attention Disorders, 2002, 6(Suppl 1):7-16.
[7] Mill J, Xu X, Ronald A, et al. Quantitative trait locus analysis of candidate gene alleles associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in five genes:DRD4, DAT1, DRD5, SNAP-25, and 5HT1B[J]. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B:Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 2005, 133(1):68-73.
[8] Halperin J M, Newcorn J H, Schwartz S T, et al. Age-related changes in the association between serotonergic function and aggression in boys with ADHD[J]. Biological Psychiatry, 1997, 41(6):682-689.
[9] Spivak B, Vered Y, Yoran-Hegesh R, et al. Circulatory levels of catecholamines, serotonin and lipids in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[J]. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1999, 99(4):300-304.
[10] Gloor F T, Walitza S. Tic disorders and Tourette syndrome:Current concepts of etiology and treatment in children and adolescents[J]. Neuropediatrics, 2016, 47(2):084-096.
[11] Rapanelli M, Pittenger C. Histamine and histamine receptors in Tourette syndrome and other neuropsychiatric conditions[J]. Neuropharmacology, 2016, 106:85-90.
[12] Müller-Vahl K R. Treatment of Tourette syndrome with cannabinoids[J]. Behavioural Neurology, 2013, 27:119-124.
[13] Demontis D, Walters R K, Martin J N, et al. Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder[J]. Nature Genetics, 2019, 51(1):63-75.
[14] Grove J, Ripke S, Als T D, et al. Identification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder[J]. Nature Genetics, 2019, 51(3):431-444.
[15] Neale B M, Kou Y, Liu L, et al. Patterns and rates of exonic de novo mutations in autism spectrum disorders[J]. Nature, 2012, 485(7397):242-245.
[16] An J Y, Lin K, Zhu L, et al. Genome-wide de novo risk score implicates promoter variation in autism spectrum disorder[J]. Science, 2018, 362(6420):1270.
[17] Thapar A, Cooper M. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[J]. Lancet, 2016, 387(10024):1240-1250.
[18] Klein R G, Mannuzza S, Olazagasti M A, et al. Clinical and functional outcome of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 33 years later[J]. Archives of General Psychiatry, 2012, 69(12):1295-1303.
[19] Larsson H, Chang Z, D'Onofrio B M, et al. The heritability of clinically diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan[J]. Psychological Medicine, 2014, 44(10):2223-2229.
[20] Cook E H, Stein M A, Krasowski M D, et al. Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene[J]. American Journal of Human Genetics, 1995, 56(4):993-998.
[21] Vandenbergh D J, Persico A M, Hawkins A L, et al. Human dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) maps to chromosome 5p15.3 and displays a VNTR[J]. Genomics, 1992, 14(4):1104-1106.
[22] Faraone S V, Doyle A E, Mick E, et al. Meta-analysis of the association between the 7-repeat allele of the dopamine D(4) receptor gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[J]. American Journal of Human Genetics, 2001, 158(7):1052-1057.
[23] Faraone S V, Perlis R H, Doyle A E, et al. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder[J]. Biological Psychiatry, 2005, 57(11):1313-1323.
[24] Li D, Sham P C, Owen M J et al. Meta-analysis shows significant association between dopamine system genes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)[J]. Human Molecular Genetics, 2006, 15(14):2276-2284.
[25] Hoenicka J, Aragüés M, Ponce G, et al. From dopaminergic genes to psychiatric disorders[J]. Neurotoxicity Research, 2007, 11(1):61-72.
[26] Stein D J, Hollander E, Liebowitz M R. Neurobiology of impulsivity and the impulse control disorders[J]. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 1993, 5(1):9-17.
[27] Hawi Z, Dring M, Kirley A, et al. Serotonergic system and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD):A potential susceptibility locus at the 5-HT(1B) receptor gene in 273 nuclear families from a multi-centre sample[J]. Molecular Psychiatry, 2002, 7(7):718-725.
[28] Maglott D R, Feldblyum T V, Durkin A S, et al. Radiation hybrid mapping of SNAP, PCSK2, and THBD (human chromosome 20p)[J]. Mammalian Genome, 1996, 7(5):400-401.
[29] Gizer I R, Ficks C, Waldman I D. Candidate gene studies of ADHD:Aa meta-analytic review[J]. Human Genetics, 2009, 126(1):51-90.
[30] Ciliax B J, Drash G W, Staley J K, et al. Immunocytochemical localization of the dopamine transporter in human brain[J]. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 1999, 409(1):38-56.
[31] Oldenhof J, Vickery R, Anafi M, et al. SH3 binding domains in the dopamine D4 receptor[J]. Biochemistry, 1998, 37(45):15726-15736.
[32] Noaín D, Avale M E, Wedemeyer C, et al. Identification of brain neurons expressing the dopamine D4 receptor gene using BAC transgenic mice[J]. European Journal of Neuroscience, 2006, 24(9):2429-2438.
[33] Frankle W G, Huang Y, Hwang D R, et al. Comparative evaluation of serotonin transporter radioligands 11CDASB and 11C-McN 5652 in healthy humans[J]. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 2004, 45(4):682-694.
[34] Oquendo M A, Hastings R S, Huang Y Y, et al. Brain serotonin transporter binding in depressed patients with bipolar disorder using positron emission tomography[J]. Archives of General Psychiatry, 2007, 64(2):201-208.
[35] Murphy D L, Andrews A M, Wichems C H, et al. Brain serotonin neurotransmission:An overview and update with an emphasis on serotonin subsystem heterogeneity, multiple receptors, interactions with other neurotransmitter systems, and consequent implications for understanding the actions of serotonergic drugs[J]. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1998, 59:4-12.
[36] Ichikawa M, Okamura-Oho Y, Okunishi R, et al. Expression analysis of genes responsible for serotonin signaling in the brain[J]. Neurobiology Disease, 2005, 19(3):378-385.
[37] Söllner T, Whiteheart S W, Brunner M, et al. SNAP receptors implicated in vesicle targeting and fusion[J]. Nature, 1993, 362(6418):318-324.
[38] Yang L, Chang S, Lu Q, et al. A new locus regulating MICALL2 expression was identified for association with executive inhibition in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[J]. Molecular Psychiatry, 2018, 23(4):1014-1020.
[39] Zhang K, Fan Z, Wang Y, et al. Genetic analysis for cognitive flexibility in the trail-making test in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients from single nucleotide polymorphism, gene to pathway level[J]. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2017(1):1-10.
[40] Lesch K P, Selch S, Renner T J, et al. Genome-wide copy number variation analysis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder:Association with neuropeptide Y gene dosage in an extended pedigree[J]. Molecular Psychiatry, 2011, 16(5):491-503.
[41] Zayats T, Jacobsen K K, Kleppe R, et al. Exome chip analyses in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[J]. Translational Psychiatry, 2016, 6(10):e923.
[42] Demontis D, Lescai F, Borglum A, et al. Whole-exome sequencing reveals increased burden of rare functional and disruptive variants in candidate risk genes in individuals with persistent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder[J]. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2016, 55(6):521-523.
[43] Corominas J, Klein M, Zayats T, et al. Identification of ADHD risk genes in extended pedigrees by combining linkage analysis and whole-exome sequencing[J]. Molecular Psychiatry, 2020, 25(9):2047-2057.
[44] Satterstrom F K, Walters R K, Singh T, et al. Autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have a similar burden of rare protein-truncating variants[J]. Nature Neuroscience, 2019, 22(12):1961-1965.
[45] Qiu S, Lu Y, Li Y, et al. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in Asia:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Psychiatry Research, 2020, 284:112679.
[46] Niu M, Han Y, Dy A B C, et al. Autism symptoms in Fragile X syndrome[J]. Journal of Child Neurology, 2017, 32(10):903-909.
[47] Sundberg M, Sahin M. Cerebellar development and autism spectrum disorder in tuberous sclerosis complex[J]. Journal of Child Neurology, 2015, 30(14):1954-1962.
[48] Satterstrom F K, Kosmicki J A, Wang J, et al. Largescale exome sequencing study implicates both developmental and functional changes in the neurobiology of autism[J]. Cell, 2020, 180(3):568-584.
[49] Lim E T, Uddin M, De Rubeis S, et al. Rates, distribution and implications of postzygotic mosaic mutations in autism spectrum disorder[J]. Nature Neuroscience, 2017, 20(9):1217-1224.
[50] Krumm N, Turner T N, Baker C, et al. Excess of rare, inherited truncating mutations in autism[J]. Nature Genetics, 2015, 47(6):582-588.
[51] Shea L, Newschaffer C J, Xie M, et al. Genetic testing and genetic counseling among Medicaid-enrolled children with autism spectrum disorder in 2001 and 2007[J]. Human Genettics, 2014, 133(1):111-116.
[52] R K C Y, Merico D, Bookman M, et al. Whole genome sequencing resource identifies 18 new candidate genes for autism spectrum disorder[J]. Nature Neuroscience, 2017, 20(4):602-611.
[53] Turley P, Walters R K, Maghzian O, et al. Multi-trait analysis of genome-wide association summary statistics using MTAG[J]. Nature Genetics, 2018, 50(2):229-237.
[54] Bloch M H, Leckman J F. Clinical course of Tourette syndrome[J]. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 2009, 67(6):497-501.
[55] Serajee F J, Mahbubul Huq A H M. Advances in Tourette syndrome:Diagnoses and treatment[J]. Pediatric Clinics, 2015, 62(3):687-701.
[56] Mataix-Cols D, Isomura K, Pérez-Vigil A, et al. Familial risks of Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders:A population-based cohort study[J]. JAMA Psychiatry, 2015, 72(8):787-793.
[57] Davis L K, Yu D, Keenan C L, et al. Partitioning the heritability of Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder reveals differences in genetic architecture[J]. Plos Genetics, 2013, 9(10):e1003864.
[58] Paschou P, Yu D, Gerber G, et al. Genetic association signal near NTN4 in Tourette syndrome[J]. Annals of Neurology, 2014, 76(2):310-315.
[59] Qi Y, Zheng Y, Li Z, et al. Genetic Studies of Tic Disorders and Tourette syndrome[J]. Methods in Molecular Biology, 2019, 2011:547-571.
[60] Watanabe K, Taskesen E, van Bochoven A, et al. Functional mapping and annotation of genetic associations with FUMA[J]. Nature Communications, 2017, 8(1):1826.
[61] Hoogman M, van Rooij D, Klein M, et al. Consortium neuroscience of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder:The ENIGMA adventure[J]. Human Brain Mapping, 2020, doi:10.1002/hbm.25029.
[62] Boedhoe P S W, van Rooij D, Hoogman M, et al. Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness, and cortical surface area across disorders:Findings from the ENIGMA ADHD, ASD, and OCD working groups[J]. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2020, 177(9):834-843.
[63] Mufford M, Cheung J, Jahanshad N, et al. Concordance of genetic variation that increases risk for Tourette syndrome and that influences its underlying neurocircuitry[J]. Translational Psychiatry, 2019, 9(1):120.
[64] Gandal M J, Leppa V, Won H, et al. The road to precision psychiatry:Translating genetics into disease mechanisms[J]. Nature Neuroscience, 2016, 19(11):1397-1407.
[65] Liu Z, Li X, Zhang J T, et al. Autism-like behaviours and germline transmission in transgenic monkeys overexpressing MeCP2[J]. Nature, 2016, 530(7588):98-102.
[66] Tillotson R, Selfridge J, Koerner M V, et al. Radically truncated MeCP2 rescues Rett syndrome-like neurological defects[J]. Nature, 2017, 550(7676):398-401.
[67] Doherty J L, Owen M J. Genomic insights into the overlap between psychiatric disorders:Implications for research and clinical practice[J]. Genome Medicine, 2014, 6(4):29.
[68] Gonzalez-Mantilla A J, Moreno-De-Luca A, Ledbetter D H, et al. A cross-disorder method to identify novel candidate genes for developmental brain disorders[J]. JAMA Psychiatry, 2016, 73(3):275-283.
[69] Martin J, Cooper M, Hamshere M L, et al. Biological overlap of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder:Evidence from copy number variants[J]. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent, 2014, 53(7):761-770.
[70] Glessner J T, Li J, Wang D, et al. Copy number variation meta-analysis reveals a novel duplication at 9p24 associated with multiple neurodevelopmental disorders[J]. Genome Medicine, 2017, 9(1):106.
[71] Writing Committee for the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity D, Autism S D, Bipolar D, et al. Virtual histology of cortical thickness and shared neurobiology in 6 psychiatric disorders[J]. JAMA Psychiatry, 2021, 78(1):47-63.
[72] Insel T, Cuthbert B, Garvey M, et al. Research domain criteria (RDoC):Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders[J]. American Journal ofPsychiatry, 2010, 167(7):748-751.
[73] Rommelse N N, Geurts H M, Franke B, et al. A review on cognitive and brain endophenotypes that may be common in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and facilitate the search for pleiotropic genes[J]. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 2011, 35(6):1363-1396.
[74] Yang L, Neale B M, Liu L, et al. Polygenic transmission and complex neuro developmental network for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder:Genome-wide association study of both common and rare variants[J]. American Journal Medical Genetics Biological Neuropsychiatry Genetics, 2013, 162(5):419-430.
[75] Sun X, Wu Z, Cao Q, et al. Genetic variant for behavioral regulation factor of executive function and its possible brain mechanism in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[J]. Scientific Reports, 2018, 8(1):7620.
[76] Wang T, Guo H, Xiong B, et al. De novo genic mutations among a Chinese autism spectrum disorder cohort[J]. Nature Communication, 2016, 7:13316.
[77] Guo H, Li Y, Shen L, et al. Disruptive variants of CSDE1 associate with autism and interfere with neuronal development and synaptic transmission[J]. Science Advances, 2019, 5(9):eaax2166.
[78] Wen Z, Cheng T L, Li G Z, et al. Identification of autism-related MECP2 mutations by whole-exome sequencing and functional validation[J]. Molecular Autism, 2017, 8:43.
[79] Du X, Gao X, Liu X, et al. Genetic diagnostic evaluation of trio-based whole exome sequencing among children with diagnosed or suspected autism spectrum disorder[J]. Frontiers in Genetics, 2018, 9:594.
[80] Lam M, Chen C Y, Li Z, et al. Comparative genetic architectures of schizophrenia in East Asian and European populations[J]. Nature Genetics, 2019, 51(12):1670-1678.
[81] Benger M, Kinali M, Mazarakis N D. Autism spectrum disorder:Prospects for treatment using gene therapy[J]. Molecular Autism, 2018, 9:39.
[82] Sinnett S E, Gray S J. Recent endeavors in MECP2 gene transfer for gene therapy of Rett syndrome[J]. Discovery Medicine, 2017, 24(132):153-159.
[83] Aspromonte M C, Bellini M, Gasparini A, et al. Characterization of intellectual disability and autism comorbidity through gene panel sequencing[J]. Human Mutation, 2019, 40(9):1346-1363.
