分析了美国滨海18个核电厂（31台核电机组）温排水系统的设计特点及其对水生生物的影响。结果表明，在排水系统设计上，美国滨海厂址考虑了减小温排水对水生生物影响的措施，大部分厂址采用离岸排放，提高排水流速，有些则因地制宜采用缓冲池、设计三级堰、或者将排水口布置在取水口的上游，必要时使用闭式循环冷却水系统等。美国大部分滨海厂址温排水对水生生物的影响较小。中国核电厂机组数量较多，温排水量较大，应重视对水生生物可能产生的不利影响。在排水系统上，中国核电厂存在的主要问题有：近岸排放缺乏促进掺混的考虑，明渠排放对景观优化的考虑不够，有些电厂为了满足近岸海域环境功能区要求而设置的导流设施有碍于温排水的扩散等问题。应研究制定中国核电厂温排水影响评价导则，优化核电厂温排水排水系统的设计和建造，尽可能降低温排水对水生生物可能产生的不利影响。
The characteristics of thermal discharges and their ecological impacts for 18 American nuclear power plant (NPP) sites in coastal regions (31 units) were analyzed. It was found that, for the designs of thermal discharge systems, most American NPPs use offshore discharge systems which also increase the flow velocities at the discharge points. Other NPPs' thermal discharge systems are designed in accordance with local conditions, such as using buffer pool to decrease water temperatures before discharges, designing three weirs to create mixing of the thermal discharges with air; arranging thermal discharge points upstream from withdrawal points; when necessary, using closed-cycle cooling systems. The adverse impacts of thermal discharges on aquatic organisms are small for most American NPPs in coastal regions. As the Chinese NPPs' site has more units, the larger amounts of heated water were discharged into the receiving water, and the adverse impacts of thermal discharges on aquatic organisms may be more obvious. Chinese NPPs have following main problems in the designs of thermal discharge systems:the near shore discharge systems don't have mixing promotion measures; landscape optimization in the design of discharge canals is not considered enough; In order to meet the requirements of the coastal functional areas, some NPPs set up diversion facilities which hinder the heat dissipations. Therefore, we need to make guidelines for thermal discharge evaluations, optimize the designs and constructions of NPPs thermal discharge systems, and minimize the possible adverse effects of thermal discharges on aquatic organisms.
[1] United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (U.S. NRC). Generic environmental impact statement for license renewal of nuclear plants (NUREG-1437 vol. 1[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1437/v1/.
[2] 蒋朝鹏, 徐兆礼, 陈佳杰, 等. 秦山核电温排水对鱼类分布的影响[J]. 中国水产科学, 2016, 23(2):478-488. Jiang Chaopeng, Xu Zhaoli, Chen Jiajie, et al. Effects of the thermal discharge from Qinshan Nuclear Plant on the distribution pattern of fish[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2016, 23(2):478-488.
[3] 林昭进, 詹海刚. 大亚湾核电厂温排水对邻近水域鱼卵、仔鱼的影响[J]. 热带海洋, 2000, 19(1):44-51. Lin Zhaojin, Zhan Haigang. Effects of thermal effluent on fish eggs and larvae in waters near Daya Bay Nuclear Plant[J]. Tropic Oceanology, 2000, 19(1):44-51.
[4] 张露, 黄莹莹, 陈雪初, 等. 电厂温排水对铜绿微囊藻生长影响的模拟研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2015, 35(4):1181-1196. Zhang Lu, Huang Yingying, Chen Xuechu, et al. Simulation study on effects of thermal discharge from an electric power plant on Microcystisaeruginosa[J]. China Environmental Science, 2015, 35(4):1181-1196.
[5] 商照荣, 唐森铭, 陈晓秋. 保障生态安全促进核能工业发展[J]. 核安全, 2008(4):1-12. Shang Zhaorong, Tang Shenmin, Chen Xiaoqiu. Ensuring ecology safety, furthering the development of nuclear energy[J]. Nuclear Safety, 2008(4):1-12.
[6] 蔡泽平, 陈浩如. 大亚湾两种重要经济虾类热效应[J]. 生态学报, 2005, 25(5):1115-1122. Cai Zheping, Chen Haoru. Thermal effects of temperature on two commercially important shrimp species in Daya Bay[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(5):1115-1122.
[7] 张俊彬, 黄增岳. 阳江东平核电站邻近海区鱼卵和仔鱼调查研究[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2003, 22(3):78-84. Zhang Junbin, Huang Zengyue. An investigation on fish eggs and larvae in sea area around Yangjiang Nuclear Power Plant[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2003, 22(3):78-84.
[8] 傅强, 朱礼鑫, 沈盎绿, 等. 滨海电厂温排水对临近海域浮游动物生态特征的影响研究[J]. 中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版), 2015, 45(7):25-33. Fu Qiang, Zhu Lixin, Shen Anglv, et al. Survey and comparison of seasonal influences of thermal discharge from coastal power plant on zooplankton community[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2015, 45(7):25-33.
[9] U S NRC. Generic environmental impact statement for license renewal of nuclear plants supplement 44 regarding Crystal River Unit 3 Nuclear Generating Plant[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML11-13/ML11139A153.pdf.
[10] U S NRC. GEIS Appendix F:methodology for assessing impacts to aquatic ecology and water resources[R/OL]. (1996-05-01)[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1437/v2/
[11] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Benefits analysis for the final section 316(b) existing facilities rule, EPA 821-R-14-005[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.regulations.gov/docket?D=EPA-HQOW-2008-0667.
[12] United States Congress. Federal water pollution control act (Clean Water Art)[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. http://www.epw.senate.gov/water.pdf.
[13] U S EPA. Criteria for determining alternative effluent limitations under section 316(a) of the Act[J]. Federal Register, 1979, 44:32948.
[14] U S EPA. NPDES Home, Overview[EB/OL].[2017-08-04]. http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/npdes/.
[15] U S EPA. NPDES permit writers' manual[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/pwm_20-10.pdf.
[16] U S EPA. 316(a) technical guidance-thermal discharges[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/9100POG8.PDF?Dockey=9100POG8.PDF.
[17] U S EPA. Interagency 316(a) technical guidance manual and guide for thermal effects sections of nuclear facilities environmental impact statements[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/9100QPG9.PDF?Dockey=9100QPG9.PDF.
[18] 苏州热工研究院有限公司. 广东太平岭核电厂一期工程环境影响报告书[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. http://www.zhb.gov.cn/xxgk/gs/wqgs_1/20-1510/W020151019504005345046.pdf.
[19] 苏州热工研究院有限公司.浙江三澳核电厂一期工程环境影响报告书(选址阶段)[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. http://www.zhb.gov.cn/xxgk/gs/wqgs_1/201611/W020161107405009026642.pdf.
[20] NextEra Energy Seabrook, LLC. Applicant's environmental report-operating license renewal stage Seabrook Station Unit 1[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/licensing/renewal/applications/seabrook/seabrook-er.pdf.
[21] U S NRC. Generic environmental impact statement for license renewal of nuclear plants supplement 46 regarding Seabrook Station, final report[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1520/ML15209A575.pdf.
[22] U S NRC. Generic environmental impact statement for license renewal of nuclear plants supplement 29 regarding Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station final report[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0719/ML071990020.pdf.
[23] U S NRC. Generic environmental impact statement for license renewal of nuclear plant supplement 22 regarding Millstone Power Station, Units 2 and 3 final report[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0519/ML051960295.pdf.
[24] Entergy Nuclear Indian Point 2& 3, LLC. Applicant's environmental report operating license renewal stage[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0712/ML071210530.pdf.
[25] U S NRC. Generic environmental impact statement for license renewal of nuclear plants supplement 38 regarding Indian Point Nuclear Generating Unit Nos. 2 and 3 final report main report and comment responses[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1033/ML-103350405.pdf.
[26] U S NRC. Generic environmental impact statement for license renewal of nuclear plants supplement 38 regarding Indian Point Nuclear Generating Unit Nos. 2 and 3, draft Report for comment[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1535/ML15351A422.pdf.
[27] U S NRC. Generic environmental impact statement for license renewal of nuclear plants supplement 28 regarding Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station final report-main report[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0701/ML070100234.pdf.
[28] PSEG Nuclear, LLC. Applicant's environmental report-operating li-cense renewal stage Hope Creek Generating Station Unit 1[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/licensing/renewal/applications/hope-creek/hope-creek-envir-rpt.pdf.
[29] U S NRC. Generic environmental impact statement for license renewal of nuclear plants supplement 45 regarding Hope Creek Generating Station and Salem Nuclear Generating Station, Units 1 and 2, final Report[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1108/ML11089A0-21.pdf.
[30] Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Application for license renewal Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant Units 1 and 2[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/licensing/renewal/applications/calvert-cliffs/ccv3.pdf.
[31] U S NRC. Generic environmental impact statement for license renewal of nuclear plants:regarding Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant-final report[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1437/supplement1/.
[32] U S NRC. Generic environmental impact statement for license renewal of nuclear plants supplement 6 regarding Surry Power Station, Units 1 and 2, final report[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0233/ML023310717.pdf.
[33] U S NRC. Generic environmental impact statement for license renewal of nuclear plants supplement 25 regarding Brunswick Steam Electric Plant, Units 1 and 2, final report[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0609/ML060900480.pdf.
[34] U S NRC. Generic environmental impact statement for license renewal of nuclear plants supplement 11 regarding St. Lucie Units I and 2, final report[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0313/ML031360705.pdf.
[35] U S NRC. Generic environmental impact statement for license renewal of nuclear plants supplement 5 regarding Turkey Point Units 3 and 4, final report[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0202/ML020280119.pdf.
[36] Progress Energy. Applicant's environmental report-operating license renewal stage Crystal River Unit 3[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/licensing/renewal/applications/crystal/crys tal-envir-rpt.pdf.
[37] U S NRC. Generic environmental impact statement for license renewal of nuclear plants supplement 48 regarding South Texas Project, Units 1 and 2[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1332/ML-13322A890.pdf.
[38] Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E). Environmental report of Diablo Canyon Power Plant (DCPP) Units 1 and 2[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/licensing/renewal/applications/diablo-canyon/dcpp-er.pdf.
[39] New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Water quality standards[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-12/documents/njwqs.pdf.
[40] Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. Massachusetts surface water quality standards implementation policy for mixing zones[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-12/documents/mawqs-mixing-zone.pdf.
[41] PSEG Nuclear, LLC. Applicant's environmental report -operating license renewal stage Salem Nuclear Generating Station Units 1and 2[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/licensing/renewal/applications/salem/salem-envir-rpt.pdf.
[42] Electric Power Research Institution. Program on technology innovation:tradeoffs between one-through cooling and closed-cycle cooling for nuclear power plants, technical report[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=00000-0000001025006&Mode=download.
[43] U.S. Department of Energy Electricity. Reliability impacts of a mandatory cooling tower rule for existing steam generation units[R/OL].[2017-08-04]. https://www3.epa.gov/region1/npdes/merrimackstation/pdfs/ar/AR-1169.pdf.
