肿瘤在历史长河中一直是比较罕见的疾病，但到20世纪30年代，首先在发达国家，随后在发展中国家，肿瘤开始步入常见病之列。近50多年来，中国肿瘤的发病率不断缓慢攀升，因癌症导致的死亡在所有居民死亡原因中已经占首位，而且已经超过全球平均水平，肿瘤防治成为中国面临的一项严峻任务。本文从中国肿瘤现状出发，综述肿瘤高发区研究、抗肿瘤新药研究、临床肿瘤学科发展、精准医学等方面的进展，并提出中国肿瘤防治工作的建议。

The tumor was a relatively rare disease in the long history, before the 1930s. Then first in developed countries and followed in developing countries, the tumor incidence began to increase markedly and entered the list of common diseases. Over the past 50 years, the cancer incidence as well as the mortality rates in China increase markedly and the cancer becomes the first killer among all causes of death, and the proportion has exceeded the global average. Cancer prevention becomes a grim task facing China. The paper summarizes the trends of cancer incidence and mortality, and the researches in the high incidence areas of esophageal, liver, lung and cervix uterine cancers, the development of new anticancer drugs, the development of clinical oncology, precision medicine, and proposes some suggestions for the prevention and treatment of cancer in China.